Addison’s Disease: critical aspects of etiology, diagnosis, and treatment

Abstract

Addison’s Disease, or primary adrenal insufficiency, is a rare and chronic endocrine condition characterized by the destruction or dysfunction of the adrenal glands, leading to inadequate production of the hormones cortisol and aldosterone. The primary cause is autoimmune destruction of the adrenal glands, although other etiologies such as chronic infections, genetic conditions, and neoplastic infiltrations can also contribute. Clinical symptoms, often nonspecific, include chronic fatigue, weight loss, hypotension, and hyperpigmentation, which can delay diagnosis. The ACTH stimulation test is the gold standard for diagnosis, while hormone replacement therapy, such as hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone, is crucial for treatment. Patient education on disease management and adrenal crisis prevention is essential. Despite advances in understanding pathophysiology and treatment options, clinical variability and treatment adherence continue to pose significant challenges, highlighting the need for an ongoing and informed approach to managing Addison’s Disease.