Trends and epidemiological profile of gestational and congenital syphilis in Brazil and Pará

Abstract

Gestational and congenital syphilis represent a major public health problem due to their high vertical transmissibility and severe fetal impacts, such as stillbirth, prematurity, and neurological sequelae. This study analyzed data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (Sinan-Net) between 2018 and 2023 in Brazil and in the state of Pará, totaling 439,723 cases of gestational syphilis and 154,525 cases of congenital syphilis nationwide, as well as 16,611 and 6,042 cases, respectively, in Pará. Variables such as sex, age group, ethnicity, education level, clinical classification, timing of diagnosis, prenatal care, and clinical outcome were evaluated, with data processed using Microsoft Excel. A progressive increase in gestational syphilis cases was observed, especially in 2022 and 2023. Most cases occurred among young women (20–29 years), of mixed race, and with low education levels, predominantly in the primary stage of the disease, suggesting recent infection. Recent congenital syphilis was the most prevalent form among newborns, with higher incidence in males. Although most maternal infections were diagnosed during prenatal care, a significant number were detected only at delivery. The persistence of severe outcomes, such as stillbirths and miscarriages, indicates failures in preventing vertical transmission despite advances in prenatal testing. The study highlights Sinan’s strategic role in epidemiological monitoring and public health policy formulation, emphasizing the need for integrated strategies of screening, health education, and qualified prenatal follow-up, particularly among socially vulnerable populations.