Cow's milk in human nutrition: an updated evidence-based review

Abstract

The consumption of milk and dairy products has been a subject of study in various fields of health and nutrition due to its importance in the human diet and potential health impacts. This review addressed genetic adaptations for lactase persistence, cultural influences on the domestication of dairy animals and milk consumption, and the effects of milk consumption on health, considering metabolic diseases, lactose tolerance, among other aspects. A narrative literature review was conducted using the PubMed database, with the descriptors "Milk consumption," "Lactase persistence," and "Genetic adaptations." The studies reviewed were published in international journals, and review articles, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses were selected. Genetic adaptations and cultural influences are essential to understanding milk consumption throughout human history and its health impacts. The complexity of milk's effects on health suggests that dietary recommendations should be personalized. There is a need for more research to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the benefits and risks of milk consumption, especially in populations with lactose intolerance. The review highlighted the importance of considering genetic adaptations, cultural influences, and health impacts of milk consumption to formulate balanced dietary recommendations. Future research should address the identified gaps, especially in populations genetically predisposed to lactose intolerance, to optimize the benefits of milk and dairy products in public health.