Fibromyalgia: exploring causes, diagnosis, and treatment options

Abstract

Fibromyalgia is a complex chronic syndrome affecting a significant portion of the global population, particularly women aged 30 to 60 years. The condition is characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, persistent fatigue, sleep disturbances, and cognitive difficulties often described as "brain fog." Fibromyalgia presents substantial challenges for both diagnosis and treatment due to the lack of specific biomarkers and the overlap of its symptoms with other conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome and mood disorders. The etiology of fibromyalgia is multifactorial, involving genetic, neurobiological, and psychosocial factors, including dysfunctions in the central nervous system and stress responses. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria, with generalized pain and tender points being the most commonly used, but these criteria are often criticized for their lack of precision. Treatment of fibromyalgia should be individualized and may include a combination of pharmacological therapies, such as antidepressants and anticonvulsants, and non-pharmacological approaches, such as physical exercise, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and stress management techniques. The effectiveness of these interventions varies among patients, and the condition can have a significant impact on quality of life, affecting physical, emotional, and social aspects. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms of fibromyalgia and the adoption of personalized therapeutic strategies are crucial for improving the management of the syndrome and the quality of life of patients.