Temporal trends and spatial distribution of bacterial meningitis in Brazil (2014–2024): a literature review

Abstract

Bacterial meningitis remains a major public health concern due to its high morbidity and mortality rates, its potential to cause permanent neurological sequelae, and the epidemiological inequalities observed across Brazil. This study aimed to analyze the scientific evidence regarding the temporal trends and spatial distribution of bacterial meningitis in Brazil between 2014 and 2024. A descriptive and exploratory literature review was conducted using the SciELO, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. The search strategy included descriptors related to bacterial meningitis, epidemiology, temporal trends, spatial distribution, and Brazil. Articles published between 2014 and 2024 addressing epidemiological aspects of the disease were included, and the findings were analyzed descriptively. The selected studies demonstrated a gradual reduction in the incidence of bacterial meningitis following the expansion of vaccination coverage; however, significant regional disparities remained regarding disease occurrence, mortality, and access to healthcare services. The Southeast and South regions accounted for the highest absolute number of reported cases, whereas the North and Northeast showed the highest case-fatality rates. Furthermore, Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae remained the leading etiological agents, with children under five years of age representing the most vulnerable population. It is concluded that strengthening immunization strategies, epidemiological surveillance, and healthcare services is essential to reduce morbidity and mortality and to minimize regional inequalities related to bacterial meningitis in Brazil.