Maternal-fetal health and vulnerability of high-risk pregnant women in the prison system: a scoping review

Abstract

Maternal-fetal health in the prison system faces challenges due to poor infrastructure, limited access to medical care, and psychosocial impact. High-risk pregnant women experience additional vulnerabilities, such as a history of violence and substance abuse. Early separation between mother and child can compromise maternal bonding and child development. Brazilian legislation provides for prenatal care and humanized childbirth, but its effectiveness is hindered by structural and bureaucratic limitations. This study, a scoping review, analyzed the vulnerability of pregnant women in the prison system. A systematic search was conducted in scientific databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and SciELO, using standardized descriptors. Studies addressing maternal-fetal care, vulnerability factors, and the impact of incarceration on pregnancy were included. The analysis categorized the main challenges faced by these women and existing strategies to mitigate them. The results indicate that the lack of adequate care increases obstetric and neonatal risks, including premature birth and fetal growth restriction. Unsanitary prison conditions promote infections, malnutrition, and psychiatric disorders. The absence of social and emotional support worsens the mental health of pregnant women. The implementation of effective and humanized policies, such as maternal-child units and professional training, is essential to minimize the negative impacts of incarceration. Ensuring dignified and intersectoral care for pregnant women deprived of liberty can reduce inequalities and promote better living conditions for mothers and children.