Impacts of neonatal jaundice on neurological development: an integrative review

Abstract

Introduction: Neonatal jaundice is a prevalent condition that, in severe cases, can lead to severe hyperbilirubinemia and consequences such as bilirubin encephalopathy and kernicterus, negatively impacting neurological development. This study used an integrative review to explore the associated risk factors, therapeutic interventions and inequalities in neonatal care. Methodology: The methodology followed the PICo strategy, with a search in databases such as LILACS, SciELO and PubMed, resulting in the selection of 8 relevant studies. Articles published between 2019 and 2024 that addressed the early diagnosis and management of neonatal jaundice, including phototherapy and exsanguineotransfusion, were considered. Results and Discussion: The results revealed that although phototherapy and exsanguineotransfusion are effective, inequalities in access to these interventions compromise neonatal health in low-income countries. The lack of standardized protocols exacerbates the impacts, resulting in auditory, cognitive and motor deficits. Socioeconomic factors also contribute to a higher prevalence of complications in vulnerable populations. Conclusion: It was concluded that neonatal jaundice, although common and generally self-limiting, presents a significant risk of sequelae when not treated properly. Investments in public policies, evidence-based protocols and professional training are essential to mitigate the impacts of this condition. The importance of further studies into the pathophysiological mechanisms and innovative treatment strategies is highlighted, with the aim of reducing inequalities and improving the prognosis of affected neonates.