Effect of early diagnosis of congenital megacolon on neonatal quality of life: an integrative review

Abstract

Introduction: Congenital megacolon is a genetic condition that causes functional intestinal obstruction in newborns, making early diagnosis crucial to avoid serious complications. Early identification allows for effective surgical interventions, improving prognosis and quality of life. Studies indicate that early diagnosis has a positive impact on the development and growth of patients. Methodology: A descriptive integrative review was carried out to identify evidence-based practices on the early diagnosis of congenital megacolon and its influence on neonatal quality of life. The PICo strategy and a five-stage methodology were used, including a search and analysis of studies in LILACS, SciELO, PubMed and Scopus. A total of 5,539 studies were found, of which 14 met the inclusion criteria. Data collection was carried out in September 2024, covering articles published between 2019 and 2024. Results and Discussion: Early diagnosis of congenital megacolon improves survival and quality of life for newborns, allowing for more effective surgical and therapeutic interventions. Technologies such as abdominal radiography and rectal biopsy are fundamental for diagnostic confirmation, and neonatal screening is essential to reduce long-term complications. However, the lack of standardized protocols and inequalities in access to diagnosis in low-income countries are persistent challenges. Conclusion: Early diagnosis is crucial for improving the quality of life of newborns with congenital megacolon, enabling effective interventions and reducing complications. Early detection and continuous follow-up promote healthy development and better prognosis.