Schistosomiasis: challenges in diagnosis, treatment, and control strategies

Abstract

Schistosomiasis is a significant parasitic infection caused by worms of the genus Schistosoma, transmitted through contact with contaminated freshwater. The parasite larvae penetrate the skin and mature into adult worms that reside in blood vessels. The disease can range from asymptomatic forms to severe cases with potential hepatic and intestinal complications. The global impact of schistosomiasis is considerable, affecting millions of people in tropical and subtropical regions, and is associated with factors such as inadequate sanitation and lack of access to clean water. Diagnosis traditionally relies on identifying eggs in feces or urine, while more recent methods, such as serological and molecular techniques, have improved detection. Treatment is predominantly based on praziquantel, although the emergence of resistance poses a challenge. Integrated control strategies that combine treatment, sanitation improvements, and education are crucial for reducing the disease burden. Vaccine development and new therapies are underway, aiming for a more effective and sustainable approach to combating schistosomiasis.