Doenças infecciosas emergentes: disseminação global e monitoramento internacional
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18755992Palavras-chave:
Doenças coletivas, Saúde global, Doenças transmissíveis, Vigilância em saúde públicaResumo
Doenças infecciosas emergentes representam um desafio crescente para a saúde global, intensificado pela mobilidade acelerada, mudanças ambientais, urbanização e expansão das interações entre humanos e animais. A interconectividade moderna facilita a rápida disseminação de patógenos entre continentes, transformando surtos localizados em crises globais. Epidemias passadas, incluindo a síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SARS), a pandemia de influenza de 2009, a doença pelo vírus Ebola e a COVID-19, ilustram as vulnerabilidades estruturais dos sistemas internacionais de monitoramento e da governança global em saúde. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar os principais fatores que impulsionam a disseminação global de doenças infecciosas emergentes e avaliar criticamente a eficácia das estruturas internacionais de monitoramento atuais na mitigação dessas ameaças. Foi realizada uma revisão narrativa da literatura com uma abordagem descritiva e analítica crítica, utilizando as principais bases de dados biomédicas e documentos institucionais. Foram incluídas publicações que abordam determinantes do surgimento de doenças, sistemas de vigilância, mecanismos de governança e vínculos conceituais entre Segurança Sanitária Global, Cobertura Universal de Saúde e Saúde Única. A análise temática de conteúdo foi realizada em domínios estruturais, institucionais e de governança. Os resultados indicam que, apesar dos avanços tecnológicos na vigilância, fragilidades persistentes, como governança fragmentada, compartilhamento inconsistente de dados, assimetrias de financiamento e adesão limitada aos instrumentos regulatórios internacionais, continuam a minar respostas globais coordenadas. A pandemia de COVID-19 expôs desalinhamentos entre as agendas de segurança sanitária global e as capacidades dos sistemas nacionais de saúde. As evidências apoiam a integração da atenção primária à saúde, da cobertura universal de saúde e dos princípios da Saúde Única como pilares fundamentais para uma preparação resiliente. Em conclusão, a mitigação eficaz de doenças infecciosas emergentes requer reforma estrutural dos marcos internacionais de monitoramento, fortalecimento dos sistemas nacionais de saúde, coordenação multissetorial e investimento equitativo e contínuo em governança global de saúde orientada para a prevenção.
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