Use of anesthetics in patients with chronic non-communicable diseases: risks and benefits

Abstract

Introduction: Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) represent a growing challenge in anesthesiology practice, since they directly interfere with the choice of anesthetic agents and perioperative safety. Among the main CNCDs are cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and lung diseases, which require a personalized anesthetic approach to minimize risks and optimize surgical outcomes. Methodology: This study is an integrative literature review, based on the analysis of articles published in the last five years in indexed databases such as PubMed, SciELO and LILACS. Descriptors related to anesthesia and NCDs were used, resulting in the selection of 11 studies that met the established inclusion criteria. Results and Discussion: The choice of anesthetic directly impacts clinical outcomes. Inhaled anesthetics such as sevoflurane show better hemodynamic stability in patients with cardiovascular disease, while propofol has metabolic advantages in diabetic patients. Patients with chronic lung diseases have a higher risk of respiratory complications under general anesthesia, and regional anesthesia is a viable alternative. The appropriate use of anesthetics can also modulate the immune response and influence postoperative recovery. Conclusion: The administration of anesthetics in patients with NCDs should be individualized, taking into account the risks and benefits. The implementation of evidence-based protocols and rigorous perioperative monitoring are essential to ensure anesthetic safety and efficiency. Further research is needed to improve anesthetic strategies in these patients.