Tuberculosis: epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which remains a significant global public health challenge. This paper reviews recent literature on tuberculosis, exploring its epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. The analysis is based on journal articles, academic books, and updated clinical guidelines. Tuberculosis continues to be one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in many countries, particularly in regions with high HIV burden and among vulnerable populations. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial for controlling the disease and preventing complications. Despite advancements in therapies and understanding of the disease, drug resistance remains a significant challenge. The paper concludes that ongoing research efforts and control strategies are essential for improving tuberculosis management and reducing its global impact.