Schizophrenia: a review of epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment

Abstract

Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder affecting about 1% of the global population, characterized by a complex combination of psychotic, cognitive, and affective symptoms that severely impact individuals' functionality and quality of life. This article reviews existing literature on schizophrenia, focusing on its epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. The prevalence of the disorder remains relatively constant across different cultural contexts, with a more pronounced impact on men and an earlier onset of symptoms. Symptoms can be classified into positive, negative, and cognitive categories, each affecting different aspects of patient functionality. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria and requires a differential approach to distinguish schizophrenia from other disorders. Treatment is multifaceted, involving antipsychotic medications, psychotherapy, and psychosocial rehabilitation programs. Despite advances in management, schizophrenia continues to be a significant challenge for mental health, underscoring the need for ongoing research to develop effective new interventions.