Herpes Zoster: epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and advances in treatment

Abstract

Herpes Zoster (HZ), also known as shingles, is a clinical manifestation of the varicella-zoster virus, which reactivates in previously infected individuals. This article provides a narrative review of the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and recent advances in the treatment of HZ. We initially address the epidemiological distribution of HZ, highlighting its prevalence in older ages and individuals with compromised immune systems. The clinical manifestations are primarily characterized by a painful skin rash that usually follows a dermatomal pattern. Complications such as postherpetic neuralgia pose significant challenges in both clinical management and patient quality of life. Diagnostic techniques for HZ include clinical analysis of the lesions and, when necessary, virological tests such as PCR to confirm the presence of the virus. Recent therapeutic advances are discussed with an emphasis on new antiviral approaches, including the use of specific medications that reduce the duration and severity of symptoms, and vaccines that help prevent the incidence and recurrence of the disease. We conclude that, despite progress in treatment and prevention, HZ remains a condition with a significant impact on public health, requiring innovative therapeutic strategies and personalized treatment approaches. This study highlights the importance of continued research to improve diagnostic and therapeutic methods, aiming to enhance clinical outcomes and mitigate the complications associated with Herpes Zoster.