Acute Pulmonary Edema: etiology, diagnosis, and therapeutic approaches

Abstract

Acute Pulmonary Edema (APE), characterized by the sudden accumulation of fluid in the lungs, presents significant clinical challenges due to its rapid progression and diagnostic complexity. This article reviews the etiology, diagnostic methods, therapeutic options, and prognosis of this condition. Utilizing a narrative literature review, we address the main causes, such as heart failure and lung injuries, and advanced diagnostic techniques, including chest X-ray, computed tomography, and echocardiography, which are crucial for identifying pulmonary fluid and assessing cardiac function. Therapeutic options range from the administration of oxygen and diuretics to more invasive interventions, such as mechanical ventilation and ventricular assist devices. The choice of treatment is guided by the severity of symptoms and the patient's initial response, emphasizing the importance of personalized and evidence-based approaches. Studies indicate that the prognosis is generally positive with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, although challenges remain in managing severe cases and preventing recurrences. This article highlights the need for future research focused on optimizing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies and understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of APE. Such research is fundamental for improving clinical outcomes and patients' quality of life, promoting more effective and less invasive therapeutic innovations, thus contributing to the literature with a comprehensive view of Acute Pulmonary Edema and the importance of continuous advances in the field.