Osteoarthritis: advances and challenges in therapeutic management

Abstract

Osteoarthritis is a prevalent chronic disease characterized by progressive cartilage degeneration, pain, and functional limitation. This bibliographic review explores recent advances in the pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis, and available therapies for osteoarthritis. Pharmacological treatments, such as analgesics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and corticosteroids, provide symptomatic relief but face limitations in efficacy and safety, particularly for vulnerable populations. Emerging interventions, including biological therapies and regenerative medicine, show promise but are still in early validation stages. Non-pharmacological therapies, such as physical exercise and lifestyle changes, are essential for disease management. This review emphasizes the need for new therapeutic strategies that modify disease progression and public policies focused on prevention and health promotion. It concludes that an integrated and multidisciplinary approach is essential to improve clinical outcomes and patients' quality of life.