Surgical techniques involved in the correction of Tetralogy of Fallot

Abstract

Introduction: Tetralogy of Fallot is one of the most common congenital heart diseases, characterized by a combination of four main anatomical defects: interventricular communication, right ventricular outflow tract stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, and aortic dextroposition. This condition results in an inadequate mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, causing cyanosis and hemodynamic impairment. Objective: To conduct a literature review with the aim of clarifying the main surgical approaches used in the correction of tetralogy of Fallot, analyzing its evolution, indications, and impact on the clinical outcomes of patients affected by this condition. Methodology: Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCs) were used to search for articles related to techniques, management, and types of surgical approach related to tetralogy of Fallot. The research was conducted in several databases, such as Google Scholar, Virtual Health Library (BVS), SciELO, National Library of Medicine (PubMed), and EbscoHost. Conclusion: The evolution of surgical techniques for the correction of tetralogy of Fallot, including palliative interventions and complete intracardiac corrections, has demonstrated a significant impact on reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with this congenital heart disease. Procedures such as systemic-to-pulmonary bypass and contemporary techniques for widening the right ventricular outflow tract and closing the interventricular communication have optimized anatomical and functional results. However, residual complications, such as pulmonary insufficiency and arrhythmias, reinforce the need for long-term monitoring and refined surgical approaches. Continuous advancement in technology and perioperative management is essential to improve clinical outcomes and minimize the risks associated with treatment.