Effects of necrotizing enterocolitis on neonatal health: an integrative literature review

Abstract

Introduction: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a serious gastrointestinal emergency that mainly affects premature neonates, characterized by inflammation and intestinal necrosis, increasing mortality. Its effects include neurological disorders and chronic intestinal problems, reinforcing the importance of early interventions. This study seeks to synthesize evidence on the impacts and management strategies of NEC to optimize neonatal care. Materiales y métodos: This study is a descriptive integrative review that uses Evidence-Based Practices (EBP) to improve neonatal care. The formulation of the research question followed the PICo strategy and involved searching databases such as LILACS, SciELO, PubMed and Scopus, resulting in 2,810 initial articles. After applying strict inclusion criteria, 12 final studies were selected for analysis. As the study was based on secondary data, it did not need to be approved by the Ethics Committee. Results: NEC mainly affects premature newborns and is associated with risk factors such as low birth weight and perinatal complications. In addition to increasing neonatal morbidity and mortality, the condition generates gastrointestinal complications and neurological impacts, with long-term effects on development. Survivors face nutritional difficulties and need ongoing care, while their families deal with high emotional and financial costs. Conclusions and Discussion: Necrotizing enterocolitis is a serious risk for neonates, especially premature infants, causing high morbidity and mortality. Complications include malnutrition and neurological sequelae, associated with factors such as low birth weight and the use of artificial formulas. Preventive measures, such as the use of breast milk, are essential to reduce its severity.