Understanding Bipolar Affective Disorder: diagnosis and clinical management

Abstract

Bipolar affective disorder (BAD) is a chronic psychiatric condition characterized by extreme mood swings, alternating between episodes of mania and depression. With a global prevalence of approximately 1-2%, BAD may onset in adolescence or early adulthood and significantly impacts the functionality and quality of life of affected individuals. Diagnosis is based on identifying manic and depressive episodes, and differentiating it from other psychiatric disorders can be complex. The etiology of BAD involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors, such as stress and trauma, which interact to influence the development of the disorder. Treatment for BAD typically includes a multimodal approach that combines mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and psychotherapy. Effective therapeutic strategies often involve early and personalized interventions aimed at controlling symptoms and improving quality of life. Recent research advances have contributed to a better understanding of the underlying pathological mechanisms of BAD, but many issues remain unresolved. The need for an integrated and individualized treatment approach continues to be a key focus in optimizing management and support for patients with this complex condition.