Analysis of morbidity and mortality due to pneumonia: portrait of the epidemiological profile

Abstract

Pneumonia is a respiratory infection that inflames the alveolar sacs, making oxygenation difficult, with Streptococcus pneumoniae being one of the main causative agents. This disease is a global public health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, and is a leading cause of infant mortality. The study seeks to analyze morbidity and mortality from pneumonia, identifying incidence trends and the main risk factors and comorbidities, aiming to contribute to prevention strategies. A quantitative and retrospective epidemiological analysis was carried out on deaths from pneumonia in Brazil, from 2018 to 2022, based on data from the Mortality Information System (SIM). Demographic and socioeconomic variables were analyzed, such as age, sex, race and region, using Microsoft Excel 2019. In the period analyzed, 323 deaths were recorded, with a higher incidence in the Northeast region, mainly in individuals over 80 years old, with a predominance of sex masculine. Inequalities in access to healthcare and precarious living conditions were identified as factors that contributed to high mortality in the region. Comorbidities, unfavorable environmental conditions and deficiencies in the healthcare system have also been associated with increased vulnerability to pneumonia. The results indicated a predominance of deaths among men, white people, aged 80 or over, and residents of the Southeast region of Brazil. In this sense, prevention strategies, such as vaccination and improvements in access to medical care, are essential to reduce morbidity and mortality, especially in the most vulnerable populations.